World War II The Liberty Ship Program

The origins of the Liberty Ship can be traced to a design proposed by the British in 1940. Seeking to replace wartime losses, the British placed contracts with US shipyards for 60 steamers of the Ocean class. These steamers were of simple design and featured a single coal-fired 2,500 horsepower reciprocating steam engine. While the coal-fired reciprocating steam engine was obsolete, it was reliable and Britain possessed a large supply of coal. While the British ships were being constructed, the US Maritime Commission examined the design and made alterations to lessen coast and speed construction. Design This revised design was classified EC2-S-C1 and featured oil-fired boilers. The ships designation represented: Emergency Construction (EC), a length of 400 to 450 feet at the waterline (2), steam-powered (S), and design (C1). The most significant change to the original British design was to replace much of the riveting with welded seams. A new practice, the use of welding decreased labor costs and required fewer skilled workers. Possessing five cargo holds, the Liberty Ship was intended to carry a cargo of 10,000 longs tons (10,200 tons). Featuring deck houses  amidships and aft, each vessel was to have a crew of around 40 sailors. For defense, each ship mounted a 4 deck gun atop the after deck house. Additional anti-aircraft defenses were added as  World War II  progressed. The attempt to mass-produce ships using a standardized design had been pioneered during World War I at the Emergency Fleet Corporations Hog Island Shipyard in Philadelphia, PA. While these ships, arrived too late to impact that conflict, the lessons learned provided the template for the Liberty Ship program. As with the Hog Islanders, the Liberty Ships plain looks initially led to a poor public image. To combat this, the Maritime Commission dubbed September 27, 1941, as Liberty Fleet Day and launched the first 14 vessels. In his speech at the launch ceremony, Pres. Franklin Roosevelt cited Patrick Henrys famed speech and stated that the ships would bring liberty to Europe. Construction In early 1941, the US Maritime Commission placed an order for 260 ships of the Liberty design. Of these, 60 were for Britain. With the implementation of the Lend-Lease Program in March, orders more than doubled. To meet the demands of this construction program, new yards were established on both coasts and in the Gulf of Mexico. Over the next four years, US shipyards would produce 2,751 Liberty Ships. The first ship to enter service was SS  Patrick Henry  which was completed on December 30, 1941. The final ship of the design was SS  Albert M. Boe which was finished at Portland, MEs New England Shipbuilding on  October 30, 1945. Though Liberty Ships were constructed throughout the war, a successor class, the Victory Ship, entered production in 1943. The majority (1,552) of Liberty Ships came from new yards built on the West Coast and operated by Henry J. Kaiser. Best known for building the Bay Bridge and the Hoover Dam, Kaiser pioneered new shipbuilding techniques. Operating four yards in Richmond, CA and three in the Northwest, Kaiser developed methods for prefabricating and mass-producing Liberty Ships. Components were built all across the US and transported to shipyards where the vessels could be assembled in record time. During the war, a Liberty Ship could be built in about two weeks at a Kaiser yard. In November 1942, one of Kaisers Richmond yards built a Liberty Ship (Robert E. Peary) in 4 days, 15 hours, and 29 minutes as a publicity stunt. Nationally, the average construction time was 42 days and by 1943, three Liberty Ships were being completed each day. Operations The speed at which Liberty Ships could be constructed allowed the US to build cargo vessels faster than German U-boats could sink them. This, along with Allied military successes against the U-boats, ensured that Britain and Allied forces in Europe remained well-supplied during World War II. Liberty Ships served in all theaters with distinction. Throughout the war, Liberty Ships were manned members of the US Merchant Marine, with gun crews provided by the US Naval Armed Guard. Among the notable achievements of the Liberty Ships was SS Stephen Hopkins sinking the German raider Stier on September 27, 1942. Legacy Initially designed to last five years, many Liberty Ships continued to ply the seaways into the 1970s. In addition, many of the shipbuilding techniques employed in the Liberty program became standard practice across the industry and are still used today. While not glamorous, the Liberty Ship proved vital to the Allied war effort. The ability to build merchant shipping at a rate faster than it was lost​ while maintaining a steady stream of supplies to the front was one of the keys to winning the war. Liberty Ship Specifications Displacement: 14,245 tonsLength: 441 ft. 6 in.Beam: 56 ft. 10.75 in.Draft: 27 ft. 9.25 in.Propulsion: Two oil-fired boilers, triple-expansion steam engine, single screw, 2500 horsepowerSpeed: 11 knotsRange: 11,000 milesComplement: 41Stern-mounted 4 in (102 mm) deck gun, a variety of anti-aircraft armamentCapacity: 9,140 tons Liberty Ship Shipyards Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding, Mobile, AlabamaBethlehem-Fairfield Shipyard, Baltimore, MarylandCalifornia Shipbuilding Corp., Los Angeles, CaliforniaDelta Shipbuilding Corp., New Orleans, LouisianaJ. A. Jones, Panama City, FloridaJ. A. Jones, Brunswick, GeorgiaKaiser Company, Vancouver, WashingtonMarinship, Sausalito, CaliforniaNew England Shipbuilding East Yard, South Portland, MaineNew England Shipbuilding West Yard, South Portland, MaineNorth Carolina Shipbuilding Company, Wilmington, North CarolinaOregon Shipbuilding Corporation, Portland, OregonRichmond Shipyards, Richmond, CaliforniaSt. Johns River Shipbuilding, Jacksonville, FloridaSoutheastern Shipbuilding, Savannah, GeorgiaTodd Houston Shipbuilding, Houston, TexasWalsh-Kaiser Co., Inc., Providence, Rhode Island

Race in Sports Essay - 1007 Words

There are many reasons why the number of minorities that participate is sports vary from sport to sport. Race plays a big part in sports as well as in our society. Why is it that a group of people can harass and abuse a young black male for raping a white female, but on the next Saturday at the big football game cheer him on and hope that he has a great game. Over the years there have been some great black sports players, in almost all sports. Michael Jordan, OJ Simpson, Mohamed Ali, Bo Jackson, just to name a few. When players like these come along that are black and sort of take over a sport, many white male sports fans say stuff like, Hes black, hes faster than the white players. This tends to be true, blacks dominate the speed†¦show more content†¦While playing in Edmonton Fuhr was awesome, he is currently in sixth place on the list of all-time wins in the NHL. Another great black player is Jarome Iginla from the Calgary Flames. Iginla is a great forward who has w on a scoring title in the NHL for most goals scored in a single season, and helped the Calgary Flames win the Stanley Cup. (NHL championship) Today the NHL is trying hard to promote diversity in their league. Before each season every player is required to attend diversity classes, and if a player chooses to talk trash during a game and use racial comments, it will cost them big time, with fines and suspensions. There are forty-five drivers on the NASCAR Nextel Cup; every single one of them is white. There has never been a person of color to drive a racecar in the Winston Cup or the Nextel Cup. Thats about to change, or some hope it does. NASCARS chief operating official George Pyne has teamed up with Magic Johnson and started a program to help encourage minorities to try to race. There is one black driver on the NASCAR truck series and a couple in smaller race series down south, but to this day none are on the Nextel Cup series. On the PGA tour, it doesnt matter how fast you are, how much you can bench press, or how high you can jump, so why is it that the tour is dominated by white golfers. In 1997 Tiger Woods won the Masters in his first professional tournament, he also set the course record. Back in theShow MoreRelatedWriting Assignment : Race And Sports1505 Words   |  7 PagesExam # 3: ESS 330 Writing assignment: Race and Sports Race is defined as a category of people regarded as socially distinct because they share genetically transmitted traits believed to be important by people in a society with power and influence (PPT slide ESS330). 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Although it is commonly denied that there is any racism in Canada, racism in sports has manifestedRead MoreAnalysis Of Douglas Hartmann s Article Rethinking The Relationships Between Sports And Race979 Words   |  4 Pagesentitled â€Å"Rethinking The Relationships Between Sports And Race In American Culture: Golden Ghettos And Contested Terrain† said that racial issues in sport is; borrowing Stuart Hall (1981) words- â€Å"a contested racial terrain† (qtd. in Hartmann 241). The â€Å"contested racial terrain† is defined as â€Å"a social site where racial images, ideologies, and inequalities are constructed, transformed, and constantly struggled over† (Hartmann 230). In other wor ds, sports have become a medium where the definition andRead MoreRace, Ethnicity And Ethnicity917 Words   |  4 Pageslike to discuss the issue of race and ethnicity in sports. We will also explore the bigger questions. How much does race and ethnicity matter in the sports world? 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Innocent Bystander Free Essays

Innocent Bystander In the novel â€Å"The Tortilla Curtain†, by T. C Boyle, it tells a story about two completely different families; one family who is quite wealthy and the other who had illegally crossed the border and is barely making ends meet. In the story, a young lady by the name of America is taken to California by her husband, only to be victimized. We will write a custom essay sample on Innocent Bystander or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although she may not be the only victim in the book, she has been through a great ordeal of pain and suffering. America is a victim of immigration, racism, the American dream, and bad luck. America has left Mexico, with her husband Candido, to start a better life for not only themselves, but there unborn child as well. Immigration and racism has been a big issue for them throughout the story, even more so with America. Within the first few days upon arrival they both find themselves cornered by a couple of boys. These boys find whatever belongings both America and Candido had and when they realize there is a female present they say â€Å"fucking beaners, rip it up, man. Destroy it† (Boyle 62). Migrating to California illegally was difficult because in a situation like this, there could have been nothing done to stop them. All America wanted was to find work to help support her family. The struggle bore on from â€Å"dawn till noon and she didn’t get work† (Boyle 57). America has risked it all mad no matter how hard she tries she cannot seem to find work. America had left everything behind in search of this American dream she had played over and over in her head. She had been told, by her husband Candido, she was going to live a wonderful life and he had promised her nothing but the best. America didn’t need the finer things in life, all she desired was â€Å"a house, a yard, maybe a TV and a car too† (Boyle 29). She didn’t need too much to satisfy her, but being that America and Candido started from the bottom, it was more than what he had to offer. As they walk further into the land which they call their home America can’t help but gaze â€Å"out on the grounded constellation on the valley floor, grid upon grid of lights and every one house, an apartment†¦ everyone the promise if a life that would never again be this hard† (Boyle 206). America is again dreaming about the life she hopes to live in California and can only hope for the best outcome unto which she plans to bring a baby into place she knows so little about. She hopes that this is the America had gone through so much from the beginning of the novel. Candido had â€Å"taken America from her father so they could have a better life†¦ -and now he couldn’t out food in her mouth† (Boyle 26). She had left the family she had ever known to risk it all to start a new life, and only to go day by day wondering how long she will have to go until her next meal. She had been victimized of racism and immigration from the first few days upon arrival and then she had to suffer statvation? It came down to where America told Candido she could not live like that. America had finally found a job, working for Jose Navidad, cleaning statues that he had imported. Just when things were starting to turn around, she is violated and raped by the man who had hired her. She tries to put the past behind her and think positive for her unborn child. After the baby is born America realizes she must have caught something from being raped because her baby cannot see. Candido was left with a â€Å"violated wife and a blind baby† (Boyle 353), and at the end Americas first born child is taken away by the current of the water. From the beginning things are not looking too good for America. She had been hurt emotionally and physically with hardly any sign of their life getting better. She had given in to so many promises, none of which were ever kept. The impact that immigration, racism, the American dream, and back luck, had left America with nothing. She was just an innocent bystander trying to better her life. How to cite Innocent Bystander, Papers

Contract Law Sydney City Council V West

Question: Discuss about theContract Lawfor Sydney City Council V West. Answer: Introduction The report provides the over view and the critical analysis of the two different cases that are the SYDNEY CITY COUNCIL V WEST (1965) and the THORNTON V SHOE LANE PARKING LTD (1971). The contract law of an exclusion cause with determining the invalid reasons that avoids the liability of the conduct. It thereby helps in determining the conduct of the contract that lies beyond the scope of the contract that seems to be determined between the above mentioned two case studies undertaken. The comparison and the contrast of the case studies are depicted in this report with provide the current findings and the rulings regarding the report. The findings are depicted on the basis of the Australian Legal Position that is depicted in this case and thereby the guarantees are implied on the sellers by the consumers to ensure the protection of the Australian Consumer Law[1]. In this both the cases undertaken, depicts the implementation of Competition and the Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) is also focused for the appropriate explanation of the contrast and the comparison of the case studies undertaken. References Corones, S. G,The Australian Consumer Law(Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia, 2011)