World War II The Liberty Ship Program

The origins of the Liberty Ship can be traced to a design proposed by the British in 1940. Seeking to replace wartime losses, the British placed contracts with US shipyards for 60 steamers of the Ocean class. These steamers were of simple design and featured a single coal-fired 2,500 horsepower reciprocating steam engine. While the coal-fired reciprocating steam engine was obsolete, it was reliable and Britain possessed a large supply of coal. While the British ships were being constructed, the US Maritime Commission examined the design and made alterations to lessen coast and speed construction. Design This revised design was classified EC2-S-C1 and featured oil-fired boilers. The ships designation represented: Emergency Construction (EC), a length of 400 to 450 feet at the waterline (2), steam-powered (S), and design (C1). The most significant change to the original British design was to replace much of the riveting with welded seams. A new practice, the use of welding decreased labor costs and required fewer skilled workers. Possessing five cargo holds, the Liberty Ship was intended to carry a cargo of 10,000 longs tons (10,200 tons). Featuring deck houses  amidships and aft, each vessel was to have a crew of around 40 sailors. For defense, each ship mounted a 4 deck gun atop the after deck house. Additional anti-aircraft defenses were added as  World War II  progressed. The attempt to mass-produce ships using a standardized design had been pioneered during World War I at the Emergency Fleet Corporations Hog Island Shipyard in Philadelphia, PA. While these ships, arrived too late to impact that conflict, the lessons learned provided the template for the Liberty Ship program. As with the Hog Islanders, the Liberty Ships plain looks initially led to a poor public image. To combat this, the Maritime Commission dubbed September 27, 1941, as Liberty Fleet Day and launched the first 14 vessels. In his speech at the launch ceremony, Pres. Franklin Roosevelt cited Patrick Henrys famed speech and stated that the ships would bring liberty to Europe. Construction In early 1941, the US Maritime Commission placed an order for 260 ships of the Liberty design. Of these, 60 were for Britain. With the implementation of the Lend-Lease Program in March, orders more than doubled. To meet the demands of this construction program, new yards were established on both coasts and in the Gulf of Mexico. Over the next four years, US shipyards would produce 2,751 Liberty Ships. The first ship to enter service was SS  Patrick Henry  which was completed on December 30, 1941. The final ship of the design was SS  Albert M. Boe which was finished at Portland, MEs New England Shipbuilding on  October 30, 1945. Though Liberty Ships were constructed throughout the war, a successor class, the Victory Ship, entered production in 1943. The majority (1,552) of Liberty Ships came from new yards built on the West Coast and operated by Henry J. Kaiser. Best known for building the Bay Bridge and the Hoover Dam, Kaiser pioneered new shipbuilding techniques. Operating four yards in Richmond, CA and three in the Northwest, Kaiser developed methods for prefabricating and mass-producing Liberty Ships. Components were built all across the US and transported to shipyards where the vessels could be assembled in record time. During the war, a Liberty Ship could be built in about two weeks at a Kaiser yard. In November 1942, one of Kaisers Richmond yards built a Liberty Ship (Robert E. Peary) in 4 days, 15 hours, and 29 minutes as a publicity stunt. Nationally, the average construction time was 42 days and by 1943, three Liberty Ships were being completed each day. Operations The speed at which Liberty Ships could be constructed allowed the US to build cargo vessels faster than German U-boats could sink them. This, along with Allied military successes against the U-boats, ensured that Britain and Allied forces in Europe remained well-supplied during World War II. Liberty Ships served in all theaters with distinction. Throughout the war, Liberty Ships were manned members of the US Merchant Marine, with gun crews provided by the US Naval Armed Guard. Among the notable achievements of the Liberty Ships was SS Stephen Hopkins sinking the German raider Stier on September 27, 1942. Legacy Initially designed to last five years, many Liberty Ships continued to ply the seaways into the 1970s. In addition, many of the shipbuilding techniques employed in the Liberty program became standard practice across the industry and are still used today. While not glamorous, the Liberty Ship proved vital to the Allied war effort. The ability to build merchant shipping at a rate faster than it was lost​ while maintaining a steady stream of supplies to the front was one of the keys to winning the war. Liberty Ship Specifications Displacement: 14,245 tonsLength: 441 ft. 6 in.Beam: 56 ft. 10.75 in.Draft: 27 ft. 9.25 in.Propulsion: Two oil-fired boilers, triple-expansion steam engine, single screw, 2500 horsepowerSpeed: 11 knotsRange: 11,000 milesComplement: 41Stern-mounted 4 in (102 mm) deck gun, a variety of anti-aircraft armamentCapacity: 9,140 tons Liberty Ship Shipyards Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding, Mobile, AlabamaBethlehem-Fairfield Shipyard, Baltimore, MarylandCalifornia Shipbuilding Corp., Los Angeles, CaliforniaDelta Shipbuilding Corp., New Orleans, LouisianaJ. A. Jones, Panama City, FloridaJ. A. Jones, Brunswick, GeorgiaKaiser Company, Vancouver, WashingtonMarinship, Sausalito, CaliforniaNew England Shipbuilding East Yard, South Portland, MaineNew England Shipbuilding West Yard, South Portland, MaineNorth Carolina Shipbuilding Company, Wilmington, North CarolinaOregon Shipbuilding Corporation, Portland, OregonRichmond Shipyards, Richmond, CaliforniaSt. Johns River Shipbuilding, Jacksonville, FloridaSoutheastern Shipbuilding, Savannah, GeorgiaTodd Houston Shipbuilding, Houston, TexasWalsh-Kaiser Co., Inc., Providence, Rhode Island

Race in Sports Essay - 1007 Words

There are many reasons why the number of minorities that participate is sports vary from sport to sport. Race plays a big part in sports as well as in our society. Why is it that a group of people can harass and abuse a young black male for raping a white female, but on the next Saturday at the big football game cheer him on and hope that he has a great game. Over the years there have been some great black sports players, in almost all sports. Michael Jordan, OJ Simpson, Mohamed Ali, Bo Jackson, just to name a few. When players like these come along that are black and sort of take over a sport, many white male sports fans say stuff like, Hes black, hes faster than the white players. This tends to be true, blacks dominate the speed†¦show more content†¦While playing in Edmonton Fuhr was awesome, he is currently in sixth place on the list of all-time wins in the NHL. Another great black player is Jarome Iginla from the Calgary Flames. Iginla is a great forward who has w on a scoring title in the NHL for most goals scored in a single season, and helped the Calgary Flames win the Stanley Cup. (NHL championship) Today the NHL is trying hard to promote diversity in their league. Before each season every player is required to attend diversity classes, and if a player chooses to talk trash during a game and use racial comments, it will cost them big time, with fines and suspensions. There are forty-five drivers on the NASCAR Nextel Cup; every single one of them is white. There has never been a person of color to drive a racecar in the Winston Cup or the Nextel Cup. Thats about to change, or some hope it does. NASCARS chief operating official George Pyne has teamed up with Magic Johnson and started a program to help encourage minorities to try to race. There is one black driver on the NASCAR truck series and a couple in smaller race series down south, but to this day none are on the Nextel Cup series. On the PGA tour, it doesnt matter how fast you are, how much you can bench press, or how high you can jump, so why is it that the tour is dominated by white golfers. In 1997 Tiger Woods won the Masters in his first professional tournament, he also set the course record. Back in theShow MoreRelatedWriting Assignment : Race And Sports1505 Words   |  7 PagesExam # 3: ESS 330 Writing assignment: Race and Sports Race is defined as a category of people regarded as socially distinct because they share genetically transmitted traits believed to be important by people in a society with power and influence (PPT slide ESS330). 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The movie was primarily about how the two players interacted each other as running backs for the Chicago Bears and how their friendship matured through the difficulties of Brians cancer diagnosis and eventual death. The movie explores many themes such as friendship, courage and compassion, but it leaves one particular subject somewhatRead MoreThe Racism Of Sports : A Commentary On Surveillance, Race Talk, And New Racism2629 Words   |  11 PagesRACISM IN SPORTS 2 Introduction Racialization is the process in which etho-racial groups get marginalized on the racial hierarchy that is constructed by White supremacists (Henry Tator, 2010, pp. 319). Sports are social institutions that reinforce racial hierarchies in Canada (Henry Tator, 2010, pp. 243). Although it is commonly denied that there is any racism in Canada, racism in sports has manifestedRead MoreAnalysis Of Douglas Hartmann s Article Rethinking The Relationships Between Sports And Race979 Words   |  4 Pagesentitled â€Å"Rethinking The Relationships Between Sports And Race In American Culture: Golden Ghettos And Contested Terrain† said that racial issues in sport is; borrowing Stuart Hall (1981) words- â€Å"a contested racial terrain† (qtd. in Hartmann 241). The â€Å"contested racial terrain† is defined as â€Å"a social site where racial images, ideologies, and inequalities are constructed, transformed, and constantly struggled over† (Hartmann 230). In other wor ds, sports have become a medium where the definition andRead MoreRace, Ethnicity And Ethnicity917 Words   |  4 Pageslike to discuss the issue of race and ethnicity in sports. We will also explore the bigger questions. How much does race and ethnicity matter in the sports world? Are certain races dominant in certain sports? Is there a difference in how we treat players based on race and ethnicity? Does it matter? I would like to answer some of these questions and gain a better understanding of how much of a part they play. Introduction Race and ethnicity in sports is a very delicate subjectRead MoreRacsim in Sports Essays1020 Words   |  5 Pagesracial discrimination also exists in sports? Yes. Racial discrimination has also impacted negatively on the ethics of sports and the code of conduct of athlete. Is of no surprise that racial discrimination has mainly welcomed itself into sports, has this has been an issue which have perplexed many of sports analysts the 21st century. But, what are likely the effects of racial discrimination on sports? Firstly, an atmosphere where sport activities are performed is very

Innocent Bystander Free Essays

Innocent Bystander In the novel â€Å"The Tortilla Curtain†, by T. C Boyle, it tells a story about two completely different families; one family who is quite wealthy and the other who had illegally crossed the border and is barely making ends meet. In the story, a young lady by the name of America is taken to California by her husband, only to be victimized. We will write a custom essay sample on Innocent Bystander or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although she may not be the only victim in the book, she has been through a great ordeal of pain and suffering. America is a victim of immigration, racism, the American dream, and bad luck. America has left Mexico, with her husband Candido, to start a better life for not only themselves, but there unborn child as well. Immigration and racism has been a big issue for them throughout the story, even more so with America. Within the first few days upon arrival they both find themselves cornered by a couple of boys. These boys find whatever belongings both America and Candido had and when they realize there is a female present they say â€Å"fucking beaners, rip it up, man. Destroy it† (Boyle 62). Migrating to California illegally was difficult because in a situation like this, there could have been nothing done to stop them. All America wanted was to find work to help support her family. The struggle bore on from â€Å"dawn till noon and she didn’t get work† (Boyle 57). America has risked it all mad no matter how hard she tries she cannot seem to find work. America had left everything behind in search of this American dream she had played over and over in her head. She had been told, by her husband Candido, she was going to live a wonderful life and he had promised her nothing but the best. America didn’t need the finer things in life, all she desired was â€Å"a house, a yard, maybe a TV and a car too† (Boyle 29). She didn’t need too much to satisfy her, but being that America and Candido started from the bottom, it was more than what he had to offer. As they walk further into the land which they call their home America can’t help but gaze â€Å"out on the grounded constellation on the valley floor, grid upon grid of lights and every one house, an apartment†¦ everyone the promise if a life that would never again be this hard† (Boyle 206). America is again dreaming about the life she hopes to live in California and can only hope for the best outcome unto which she plans to bring a baby into place she knows so little about. She hopes that this is the America had gone through so much from the beginning of the novel. Candido had â€Å"taken America from her father so they could have a better life†¦ -and now he couldn’t out food in her mouth† (Boyle 26). She had left the family she had ever known to risk it all to start a new life, and only to go day by day wondering how long she will have to go until her next meal. She had been victimized of racism and immigration from the first few days upon arrival and then she had to suffer statvation? It came down to where America told Candido she could not live like that. America had finally found a job, working for Jose Navidad, cleaning statues that he had imported. Just when things were starting to turn around, she is violated and raped by the man who had hired her. She tries to put the past behind her and think positive for her unborn child. After the baby is born America realizes she must have caught something from being raped because her baby cannot see. Candido was left with a â€Å"violated wife and a blind baby† (Boyle 353), and at the end Americas first born child is taken away by the current of the water. From the beginning things are not looking too good for America. She had been hurt emotionally and physically with hardly any sign of their life getting better. She had given in to so many promises, none of which were ever kept. The impact that immigration, racism, the American dream, and back luck, had left America with nothing. She was just an innocent bystander trying to better her life. How to cite Innocent Bystander, Papers

Contract Law Sydney City Council V West

Question: Discuss about theContract Lawfor Sydney City Council V West. Answer: Introduction The report provides the over view and the critical analysis of the two different cases that are the SYDNEY CITY COUNCIL V WEST (1965) and the THORNTON V SHOE LANE PARKING LTD (1971). The contract law of an exclusion cause with determining the invalid reasons that avoids the liability of the conduct. It thereby helps in determining the conduct of the contract that lies beyond the scope of the contract that seems to be determined between the above mentioned two case studies undertaken. The comparison and the contrast of the case studies are depicted in this report with provide the current findings and the rulings regarding the report. The findings are depicted on the basis of the Australian Legal Position that is depicted in this case and thereby the guarantees are implied on the sellers by the consumers to ensure the protection of the Australian Consumer Law[1]. In this both the cases undertaken, depicts the implementation of Competition and the Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) is also focused for the appropriate explanation of the contrast and the comparison of the case studies undertaken. References Corones, S. G,The Australian Consumer Law(Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia, 2011)

Psychology and Qualitative Research

Introduction Qualitative research is commonly used in social sciences and marketing. The techniques of qualitative research either study human behavior in a particular situation or series of events or they are aimed on solving the major aspects of decision making(Denzin Lincoln, 2005). The elements of qualitative research are simple. It starts with identification of a problem, gathering data that will help in solving the problem, managing and studying it till a conclusion based upon researcher’s views is not extracted (Marshall Rossman, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology and Qualitative Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many of the researchers opt for qualitative research rather than quantitative research the reason being it is easy to apply and its benefit are way more than any other research method. Major Advantages of Qualitative Research There are two major advantages of qualit ative research. Firstly it is highly economical and secondly it saves time. Both of these advantages come side by side. The researchers mainly opt for qualitative research because of it is the only research method which allows them to complete the research using small sample as the base. Small sample is collected rather quickly enabling the researcher to finish his research faster compared to other methods. All these reasons also constitute in saving the cost of the entire research (Junior, Bush, Ortianu, 2006) Another great advantage of qualitative research method is that the data gathered is extremely rich. The very nature of qualitative research methodology is much unstructured which allows the researcher to gather data depicting various behavioral aspects of the subject such as attitudes, perceptions, emotions and beliefs (Junior, Bush, Ortianu, 2006). Qualitative research is very flexible the researcher can easily probe participant responses at initial stages by asking questi ons such as how, why or how. The researcher however, should have the capability to engage the participants in a meaningful conversation after quickly analyzing their personality and individual style in order to seek more elaborative answers (Ulin, Robinson, Tolley, 2005 ). As a result, researchers in the end have with them a highly in depth data which helps them in gaining relevant insight about the subjects behavior. This is extremely helpful in the field of marketing and research where researchers are able to grab first hand experience of the customers about any prevailing situation in the market. Identifying their customers thinking patterns the marketers are able to solve the five questions of decision making which are when, why, how where and what. Overall, it assists the marketers in establishing marketing models and construct ways to measure them on a valid scale (Junior, Bush, Ortianu, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Ge t your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Major Disadvantages of Qualitative Research The disadvantages of qualitative research mainly revolve around two areas firstly small sample size and secondly only trained observers can conduct the research. The major issue of qualitative research is the issue of generlizability. The techniques of qualitative research only tell the researcher how to gather information from a small sized sample not from a large group. Due to the small sized sample final decisions cannot be taken. For example a survey done on ten to twelve students of an American university about a particular program cannot be levied upon the entire students of the university. Also, qualitative method does not allow the researcher to identify the impact of small differences on a situation. It also does not recognize various individual differences thus the information gathered is often labeled as unreliable (Junior, Bush, Ortianu, 2006). Another great limitation of qua litative research is that not every researcher can conduct behavioral observations. Only those researchers who have been trained, skilled or come with an experience to observe and record events correctly can pick qualitative research methodology to solve the problem stated in their research (Badri, 2005). Conclusion Looking at the advantages and disadvantages it can be said that qualitative research is best only for those researchers which aim to study the behavioral aspects of either a group of people or market as a whole. The data gathered can give out irrelevant conclusions if the person conducting the interviews or the survey is not equipped with observational skills. Apart from this, qualitative research has been since a very long time the first choice of many researchers while finding out solutions to their problems. Reference List Badri, D. A. (2005). Limitations of Qualitative Research. Web. Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. CA : SAGE Publications Inc.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology and Qualitative Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Junior, H., Bush, R., Ortianu, D. (2006). Marketing Research Within A Changing Information Environment. West Patel Nagar, New Delhi, India: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Marshall, C., Rossman, G. B. (1998). Designing Qualitative Research. CA: Sage Publications. Ulin, P. R., Robinson, E. T., Tolley, E. E. (2005 ). Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide. In P. R. Ulin, E. T. Robinson, E. E. Tolley, Qualitative Methods in Public Health: A Field Guide for Applied Research (p. 13). San Fransisco, CA, United States: Jossey Bass Publisher . This essay on Psychology and Qualitative Research was written and submitted by user Jermaine Marks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Authoritarian Approach to Management Essays

Authoritarian Approach to Management Essays Authoritarian Approach to Management Paper Authoritarian Approach to Management Paper CASE STUDY ANALYSIS AN AUTHORITARIAN APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT This essay makes available an analysis of a case study pertaining to tribulations in human resources management and management technique at the Polk County Social Welfare Department. Patton, the new Director, manifest an exceedingly authoritarian management style. The analysis includes problem diagnosis, analysis and evaluation of alternative solutions, and recommendations for actions. Like Patton, administrators who adopt an authoritarian approach lay down clear rules for subordinates and expect them to obey not only the rules but the also the administrator with authority. An authoritarian style of leading uses outside incentives such as: rewards for obeying the rules and consequences for breaking them. An administrator who adopts this approach tends to lack affection and openness and values their own opinions over those of their lessors. The foremost objective of an authoritarian administrator is to increase overall conformity and they seek to accomplish this end through the use of outside enticements which often suggest obedience out of apprehension. Patton adapted to this way of managing because he was raised to respect and value work ethic. His parents were industrious and committed who believed in corporal reprimand. It was not difficult to understand why Patton adapted to the authoritarian approach to management. Authoritarian style is implemented when the person in charge tells his/her employees what is expected and how it should be done, without getting the advice of cohorts. A quantity of the suitable conditions to employ it is when you have all the information to get to the bottom of the dilemma, you are limited on time, and your workforce is well motivated. A number of people have a propensity to consider this style as a medium for screaming, using undignified words, and leading by intimidation and misusing their authority. The authoritarian style should more often than not be used on extraordinary circumstances. In an effort to achieve more commitment and motivation from your employees, Patton might try using the participative style. This style of authoritarian principal can lead to bitterness and contribute to the encouragement of insecurities. After all, rejecting suggestions of workers may be perceived as an aggressive or bossy approach. Participative style would allow Patton to include one or more employees in on the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it). On the other hand, Patton would maintain the final decision making authority. Using this style is not an indication of weakness; rather it is an indication of strength that your employees will respect and admire. In this case Motivation Theory might help resolve some of Patton’s problems within his department. In Theory X and Theory Y, McGregor identifies two sets of assumptions about the nature of people: Theory X is a set of essentially negative assumptions about the nature of people and Theory Y is a set of positive assumptions about the nature of people. McGregor’s XY Theory is a valuable and undemanding reminder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the heaviness of everyday business are all too without difficulty elapsed. In lieu of the information presented in this analysis, conceivably the most evident characteristics of McGregors XY Theory and the easiest to exemplify are found in the behaviors of autocratic managers and organizations which use autocratic management styles such as Patton did in his role as a manager. It is part of the manager’s job to exercise authority, and there are cases in which this is the only method of achieving the desired results because subordinates do not agree that the ends are desirable. In reality, some theories are unrealizable in practice, but if managers put into action that employee will contribute to the organizational goals if they are treated as responsible and valued employees. Qualitative and Quantitative analysis can both be used in this situation; however, there are pros and cons associated with each taking into consideration the two types of data analysis form dissimilar, not compulsory, irreconcilable perspectives on quantity statistics. Nonetheless, I think that qualitative analysis is an absolute detailed description which allows for superior distinctions to be drawn. Likewise, a lack of understanding of practice organization and function has limited the effectiveness of attempts to change practice behaviors. Therefore, a qualitative analysis might be used with a cross-sectional study or multimethod approach that included direct observation of managers within the public welfare agency, questionnaires of employes, and semistructured participant observation of the organization. The goals of the qualitative component of the study might be to recognize and demonstrate the barriers to nd the opportunities for successful and well-organized management approaches. Finally, the extent to which leaders are able to manage change, develop consensus, and maintain loyalty will establish the success/failure of any organizational management idea or reorganization endeavor. One of the most noteworthy factors that impede success in organizations is lack of leadership. Continuous, attentiveness, self-evident leadership is very important for flourishing achievement o f organizational change.

Essay Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Questions - Essay Example For example, in deductive explanation, if God is good, and murder is bad, then murders are not Godly. A probabilistic explanation example is that if it rains every 3 days a week in June, it is likely that June will have only 10 rainy days. 4. The aims of science are to generate knowledge, allow critique, analysis and explanation of claims of a body of knowledge. Science also aims to encourage logical predictions and understanding of phenomena. 5. In prediction, knowledge is sought based on previous trends. Unlike explanation, prediction does not delve into systematic analysis of precedent factors that affect the process of body of knowledge. That way, it is reverse process of explanation. 6. In Verstehen tradition claims that the understanding of social sciences must be analyzed through the prism of human behavior subjectively. On the other hand, predictive understanding argues that logical conclusions can be drawn objectively without approach social study subjectively. 7. In order for knowledge in general and scientific methodology to be intersubjective, there has to be transmissibility between the two approaches used in gaining knowledge. That is to mean that either can inform the other owing to an assumption that their methodology remains irreproachable, e.g. both being self-critical and highly analytical so that their conclusions are reliable. 8. What the authors term â€Å"scientific revolution† is a paradigm that transforms developments abruptly rather than gradually, ideas that related to normal science. Such paradigm transforms the existing body of knowledge. 9. Kuhn’s descriptive view of science is that a rival paradigm that introduces transformation is the dominant one whereas Popper’s prescriptive theory suggests that all paradigms should be acceptable as equal without assigning them superiority statuses. 2. Conceptual definitions are those whose major aim is to

To study at a young age in abroad Research Paper

To study at a young age in abroad - Research Paper Example In the past, studying abroad was considered as greater luxury that was beyond the reach of everyone except the bright scholarship students and the rich students. However, the trend has changed subsequently where more students go abroad at their younger age to study without visualizing the dark sides of studying in the alien countries. Studying abroad leads to considerable expenses and most of the families need to possess large sum of money so that they can finance their loved ones. Many of them feel very lonely without the families and many face identity crisis. Moreover, it has also been found that students studying abroad tries to inculcate that particular countries culture and have hard times in getting back to their own culture and way of life (Chung, â€Å"Study Abroad of Young Korean Children: Gain and Losses†). It can be said that the student over 18 years can be allowed to send to foreign countries because after that age the students learn to be responsible and don’t tend to forget their individuality and become more self aware. There has been number of studies that show that students who are studying abroad are at risk for mental health issues. From the study it was evident that the students feel very depressed and have trouble in acclimatizing. Moreover, they can face problems of depression, addiction, anxiety, obsessive compulsiveness, post-traumatic stress disorders, eating disorders and others. College tends to be a stressful place for the young students as they make the changeover from home to liberty. The students going abroad to study are required to separate from their family as well as friends. This becomes even more existent for students who are far from their family and friends. This kind of students faces feeling of loss and separation anxiety. Cultural shock has been one of the main problems that the students of younger age face when

Beauvoir's second sex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Beauvoir's second sex - Essay Example She notes that because of treatment, where a girl grows understanding that she is destined to do house chores, a girl grows up without â€Å"innate maternal instinct†. Basing on the way the society handles the two genders, a girl is made to grow believing in and worshiping a male god and creating imagery adult lovers. Beauvoir views the discovery of sex by women as a painful phenomenon. When it comes to sex, the society has made men the masters of the world’s revelation. Beauvoir notes that one of the hardest experiences in a girl’s life is puberty stage. She describes the way a girl in her late teens come to accept her â€Å"femininity†. According to her a girl may do this by running away from home, by stealing or following nature. In chapter 2 of this book titled â€Å"Situation† Beauvoir demonstrates that women are equally looked down upon in marriage and that she is always playing a role of satisfying the sexual desires of a man. She emphasizes that in marriage setting the role of a woman as a house keeper/cleaner is evident of the servant hood role women are made to play. She says that the dignity of women is compromised in a marriage setting and as often the case, women can only find dignity by accepting her role in providing bed â€Å"services† and â€Å"housework services†. ... spective, Beauvoir says that women can be as active, silent and effective as men, and that women just like men can handle masculinity logic they have to. However, the situation created by the society and her family does not give her such an opportunity instead she has to keep being useful preparing food, clothes and lodges. According to Beauvoir, a woman is always full of worries but she has nothing to do to change her position, she cries, complaints, and even threaten suicide but she cannot escape her lot. Beauvoir says that is the target of religion and that it is pointless trying to prove whether a woman as treated in the society is inferior or superior because the man’s situations has been made â€Å"infinitely preferable†. She hold that for a woman she has no way out than to always work for her liberation. In Chapter 4 â€Å"The Lesbian† Beauvoir describes sexual relations with a woman. She holds that though the society is a â€Å"forbidden path† for women, they are finding their way out through such acts as lesbian, and homosexuals. Beauvoir’s life story is a true reflection of the misconceptions widely held by the society about women. It mirrors the troubles we as women are made to go through as we struggle through life experiences to get to our destined career goals. As a victim of women mistreatment, my struggles to get to where I am today and the challenges accompanying such struggles are immense. Growing up is a men dominated society, my position was well defined. In a family of two boys and two girls, and as the eldest girl in the family, I had to spend most of my years under the watchful eye of my mother. This meant that I spend most of my time learning how to cook and how to clean the house and wash my sister’s and brothers’ clothes. Just like

Reasons For The Fast Global Growth Of Mcdonalds Marketing Essay

Reasons For The Fast Global Growth Of Mcdonalds Marketing Essay McDonalds success can be attributed to their ability to adapt their business to the diverse culture and fast pace of city life by providing quality fast food in a short period of time. Their restaurants are generally comfortable, clean and provide a variety of choices on their fast food menu. The quality of food is generally consistent and prices are low worldwide. This keeps production costs down enabling them to generate higher turnover every year. Furthermore, McDonalds expanded aggressively, opting to franchise rather than operate its new locations, providing new income and little overheads. They managed to provide a product and service to the global middle class, particularly in emerging markets like China, India, and Latin America. This gave McDonalds a massive advantage and great opportunity. By inducing the idea of going global, Kroc managed to attract the fast food market, using Franchised Restaurants, Company Operated Restaurants, and Affiliated Restaurants. To attract the local market Ray introduced a concept of localising the products, so that they will cater to all verities of the local craving. This approach increased the revenue as well as the stability of the company. Krocs strategy of making partnerships with other businesses created huge success to the company. Going in the same successful path, current management has made partnerships with companies such as Wall-mart, Sinopec, and Wall Disney to reach more customers. QUESTION TWO McDonalds needs to adapt to different cultures and conditions when it sets up business in different parts of the world. What problems might McDonalds encounter when it opens outlets in: 2.1 Countries in Eastern Europe? Eastern Europe constitutes an emerging market for most businesses. The collapse of socialism in the region in 1989 facilitated the move of countries to prepare for the participation in the capitalist market. In 1999, most Eastern European countries were working to meet the requirements for the European Community. In 2004, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia became members of the European Union. Membership of a number of European countries in the EU prompted the flow of foreign investments into the country, increasing household income, increasing investment into the region primarily due to cheap labour compared to wages in Western Europe. There was a general trend towards the improvement of the standard of living of citizens of Eastern European countries. However, in the last two years, most Eastern European countries experienced slowed growth due to the increase in the wages of workers that discouraged investments. Nonetheless, wages are still more competitive in Eastern Europe compared to other regions in Europe. Most Eastern European countries are still in the process of completing their transformation from a controlled to a capitalist Economy. Full transition and the stability of the political and economic institutions are expected to boost economic development in these countries. Assessing the potential of a new market for expansion requires the consideration of several factors providing a comprehensive background of the environment that the expanding business firm expect to enter into. In the past unrest created an environment of uncertainty for investors. Products would have to be sourced from nearby countries creating an increase in transportation and labour costs. EU currencies did not have strong buying power, so profit earned would not be enough to sustain the operating costs of the businesses in that region. Consumption volatility could also have an effect on sales on the eastern region due to the rapid increase in income resulting in a change in consumer behaviour. Employment and wage volatility are important factors in deciding to enter a new market because minimal employment and wage volatility translates to regular income for households influencing the stability of consumption resulting to sales and revenue for business firms. The economic condition of the state affects the financial condition of consumers and their ability to purchase the goods and services offered by entering business firms. Although there is a general trend for consumption, employment and wage volatility among European countries, introducing McDonalds into the region is viable for the following reasons: First, McDonalds will develop a market by providing technological, management and marketing expertise to local entrepreneurs enabling them to establish a known restaurant in different areas that creates jobs translating into income to households due to the hiring of local employees and the purchasing of raw materials from the local farmers and businesses. 2.2 Countries in West Asia? If McDonalds was to open a new outlet in one of the West Asian countries, it would have to take a few things into consideration. McDonalds would experience resistance from the Islamic countries for selling American food and culture. Also, Muslims do not eat pork so McDonalds would have to source Halal suppliers and adjust their menu variety to accommodate them. McDonalds has modified its products to cater for local tastes, not least in countries that have special dietary laws. In Muslim countries like Malaysia, bacon is not served in McDonalds burgers or in its breakfast menu, as pork is haraam, or not permissible under Islamic dietary law. In Israel, the nature of kosher dietary laws, forbidding the mixture of meat and dairy products, means that cheeseburgers are not popular among Jewish customers; furthermore, all meat not prepared in a certain manner is considered unkosher by strict observers of the dietary laws. (Spiritus-temporis.com, 2005) 2.3 Countries in Africa? In Africa McDonalds may face various problems when trying to open up new ventures in countries like Ethiopia, Sudan and Zimbabwe. Ethiopia borders Sudan and Kenya and it is one of the largest and poorest countries in Africa. Its population consists of about 74 million people. Two major religious groups occupy Ethiopia, Muslim and Ethiopian Orthodox, with Muslim being the majority. Unfortunately Ethiopia suffers some the worlds worst droughts in history, which in turn destroys their economy. Agriculture produces 60% of exports, and 80% of total employment for the country. In order to develop a McDonalds in Ethiopia, many major factors such as location analysis, market, competition, facilities style, and menu must be considered. McDonalds already has great marketing programs and strategies in place in other foreign markets so the corporation can help with those variables. Most cultures in Ethiopia will allow consumption of red meat such as hamburgers but not of pork. The bacon used for breakfast and on certain sandwiches can be available but also substitutable with turkey bacon. The Ethiopian culture also doesnt use utensils so they will also be available but optional. Zimbabwe is another country that is filled with Political and financial turmoil over the past few years. McDonalds had indicated its interest in Zimbabwe in 1997 and wanted to open a franchise in the country in 1999 but a political storm that year, which later precipitated an unprecedented crisis that saw inflation levels soaring to record highs, forced the fast foods giant to retreat. (bizcommunity.com, 2011) QUESTION THREE 3.1 Critically discuss McDonalds Globalisation Strategy Globalisation is the integration of markets and technology to a degree never witnessed before in a way that it enables individuals, corporations and nation states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before. Globalisation affects the whole world in ways that may benefit some while disregarding others. Global corporations, such as McDonalds manipulate their advertising to persuade a target audience to purchase and support what I believe to be an unhealthy scheme. Not only has McDonalds changed the way people view the world, but through negative impacts such as health issues, it has also manipulated the everyday life of individuals living in a global community. The faà §ade of healthy eating posed by McDonalds is epitomised through a short TV advertisement displaying the disturbing outcomes due to reliance on quick, easy and convenient food that people pay for, not only with their wallet, but also their health. Globalisation is the outcome of mixing the concepts of localisation and globalisation-as a portmanteau, it is the coming together of the two terms in a manner which suggests that there should be a way for businesses and people to think globally, act locally (Egan, 2007). In practice, this generates business strategies and manners of communication which seek to find innovative ways to blend together the use of a global communication network and scale with the desire to maintain individual areas and cultures, by means of modifying large scale organisations to suit smaller populations (Schumacher, 1967). Consider, for example, McDonalds: as an organisation, it is an incredibly large company which has put branches in many areas and across several different countries. But as they have continued to grow, there has been an increase in resistance against such large scale corporate food chains, as they are seen to ruin the character of a neighbourhood and drain it of culture, as well as provi ding food which is perceived to be substandard and unhealthy. They have therefore had to modify their business practices so as to instil practices which are more welcoming to the local populations, for example by focusing on foodstuffs which are popular amongst the local neighbourhoods and providing healthier, more upscale types of foods on their menu (Towers, 2004). Standardized and adapted approaches to communication are two dichotomous approaches to an advertising or marketing campaign which rely upon two very different methods and achieve differing results. A standardized approach to communication is based upon using the same marketing strategies and techniques regardless of where the campaign is being publicised. This would mean, for example, that the slogans and marketing materials are the same whether the global organisation is approaching a target audience in the United Kingdom or in India (DePalma 2004). A good example of this would be a company like McDonalds, whose campaign slogan Im lovin it remains the same no matter what country it is in-the slogan may be translated out of English and into the local language, but the concept and execution remain the same. The campaign was first launched in Germany in September 2003 as ich liebe es and followed in the United Kingdom and the United States soon after with Im lovin it. The benefits of a standardised marketing plan is that it is cost effective-as it does not require multiple marketing strategies to be drawn up and implemented-and that it helps to create a cohesive global branding concept (DePalma 2004). McDonalds, to continue the example, is easily recognisable the world over for the same branding concepts as any other country. McDonalds has grown from an organisation which had a few branches in the United States to an international phenomenon that has stores in nearly every country in the world. Known for reasonably priced meals with fast food and service, they have pushed even harder to become both a recognisable brand that draws customers in on the strength of their name and brand, but also to adapt to local mores and traditions in such a way to incorporate themselves into neighbourhoods in a strong fashion (Azarya, 2004). McDonalds has had a greater impetus to modify their business practices on a local scale as they are serving food products which are not always locally acceptable. In India, for example, where the Hindu religion prohibits the eating of beef, McDonalds has changed their menu to be primarily chicken and vegetable based, with several items being seasoned in similar ways to the local tradition (McDonalds India, 2010). 3.2 Explain why and how the entry stage of McDonalds was different in China in comparison with the rest of the world. McDonalds made a foray into China in 1990. In China of the 90s ancient belief systems rooted in Confucianism and Taoism were intermingling with Western ideologies, through the narrow window opened up by the Communist government at the helm. This was especially true with regards to thoughts on consumption, consumerism and brands. Although, the hurdles faced by McDonalds in China, like lack of quality supplies and distribution difficulties, were very similar to the Russian experience, it found a more accommodating and efficient bureaucracy and government in the Chinese. The Chinese government wanted to develop its fast food market and wanted McDonalds to take the risk in paving the way. Thus there was mutual interest involved and consequently, on the cultural acceptability front, McDonald did not have to labour as much as it had to in the Soviet Union where it had to stave off an ideological backlash before finding its feet. The interactions between the McDonald brand (and all that it stood for), and the Chinese cultural value system, combined to provide a synergy that resulted in some interesting developments. While in some cases McDonalds became an upholder of traditional values, while in other situations, McDonalds became an appropriate medium for consumers to explore new beliefs and ways of acting. This apparent paradox epitomized the fact that Chinese society was making a transition and elements of McDonalds value orientation were slowly being imbued by the Chinese masses. Two instances are cited to highlight this: McDonalds made a departure from the hierarchical set up of the dining experience in traditional Chinese restaurants, based on considerations of age. In McDonalds the seating arrangements were open, and everyone having equal access as to where to sit and what to order. In this case McDonalds encouraged the Chinese to make a departure from tradition. The lack of alcohol served in McDonalds led some consumers, primarily Chinese women, to embrace being able to be on a more equal footing with men while eating. In this case McDonalds upheld a traditional Chinese custom. In retrospect, in Russia, McDonalds has come a long way from the days of communism inspired anti-globalization backlash. Today, the McDonalds brand is a sign of quality for Russians, so being seen to work for it or supply to it is a highly regarded stamp of cultural approval. By investing in a strong local supply chain and teaching local producers, McDonalds has earned itself an almost unassailable position in the minds of the Soviet people who now view McDonalds as an international brand, run by local people and supplied by local people. It is little wonder that there are as many as 137 McDonalds restaurants in 37 cities with 500,000 customers a day. In a cultural milieu qualitatively different from that of the Americans, McDonalds has done remarkably well in China over the last 15 years. Analyzed from the cultural perspective, today McDonalds does not always denote Westernization in the minds of the Chinese consumers and the interactions are more subtle than that with the result th at McDonalds has absorbed elements of the traditional value system and the Chinese people have imbued elements of Western culture from McDonalds producing a powerful synergy in the process. (answers.com, 2011) QUESTION FOUR Explain some of McDonalds efforts to localize its offerings in China and describe how successful these efforts were. (operational issues) sourced local suppliers, employed local The Chinese fast food market has been booming in the last decade because of fast changing lifestyles and eating habits. The reason for this evolution is that Chinese consumers have accepted the Western-style fast food restaurants as a way of life in China. As a result, the popular American food has become a huge success story, creating a growing market for U.S. frozen potatoes. To position a product in a country, a good marketing strategy is needed. McDonalds success in China is based on a five-point strategy focused on product, price, people, promotion and place. A new trend is the introduction of the sixth P, namely profit. McDonalds also tries to improve the profitability in China. (Edward B. Colby, 2006) PRODUCT McDonalds product strategy consists of three categories. First they try to reflect the tastes and customs of the local markets by offering different kind of menus. The Chicken McNuggets in China come with the traditional BBQ, Sweet Sour, and Honey Mustard sauces, but theres also a Chilli Garlic Sauce, which is very popular in China. (Answers.com, 2007) In 2001 McDonalds Vegetable and Seafood Soup and Corn Soup were introduced. I think that these menu items were introduced because it was in line with their culture and love for foods with exotic taste. Clearly this proved to be a successful marketing strategy as it targeted the palatial needs of the Chinese people because of their ancient history and experimentation with different varieties of food. Furthermore McDonalds went on to introduce a local; version of its Dollar Menu calling it the Value Menu. This also proved a successful concept as most Chinese people are short, tiny in physique and very health conscious. The regular sized meals in the US and other parts of the world suited the BMI (Body Mass Index) height and weight of the average customer. Remember, Chinese people in general are not big eaters thus the reason for McDonalds offering a smaller and cheaper variation of the original product. Due to the urbanization and overpopulated cities, China has many problems with vehicles and parking. McDonalds opened restaurants and dessert kiosks targeting pedestrians and the general working class. Secondly, McDonalds also tries to provide information about their products. In cooperation with their global nutrition team, their local business units develop and implement nutrition information, which can be found on the packaging of the products. The packaging provides information on key nutritional values in a simple and clear format, so that customers around the world can use the information to make menu choices that suit their preferences. Also other communication tools are used, such as advertising both on television as on the World Wide Web to give information about the quality of their food products. (McDonalds Corporation, 2007) Thirdly McDonalds promotes physical activity, for example their sponsorship of the Olympic Games. McDonalds history with the Olympic Movement dates back to 1968. As the Worldwide Olympic Partner and the Official Restaurant of the Olympic Games, McDonalds has served millions of athletes. With the sponsoring of the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008 McDonalds wants to continue to promote an Active Balanced Lifestyle and Olympic Spirit among Kids, Families and Adults of all ages. (Beijing 2008, 2007) This strategy gained McDonalds a lot of support and trust from the Chinese people as their campaign supported good health and physical activity. PRICE The conventional wisdom about China is that most consumers are highly sensitive to price. As a result, a decrease in burger prices is likely to be more effective than a big marketing campaign. To convince Chinese consumers coming to McDonalds, McDonalds lowered prices for its basic menu consisting of a hamburger, fries and drink from 12.50 Yuan to 10 Yuan. (Scott Hume, 2007) Across China there are a lot of differences in purchasing power. Therefore McDonalds China is also exploring menu pricing by taking into account both market and restaurant. (James A. Skinner, 2006) PEOPLE McDonalds provides employment and growth opportunities for a lot of people, more than 1.5 million worldwide. Entering the Chinese market they can give many people the opportunity to operate in their restaurants. They focus also on training and development, which is necessary to learn the required skills, to do their jobs well. McDonalds has its own learning academy, namely the Hamburger University (HU), where a leadership development program is established based on Western management practices. (McDonalds Corporation c, 2007) PLACE There are two important evolutions concerning this subject. First evolution is to open McDonalds China 24 hours a day. Presently, more than 400 restaurants of the 800 restaurants in China have provided services for 24 hours a day. In Beijing 40% of the companys stores open their business for 24 hours. In Shanghai 50% and in Guangzhou 60% have a 24-hour service. The major reason for opening 24-hour restaurants is to meet the demand by the customers, because more and more customers need the services at night because of their changing living habits. In Beijing customers actually werent eager for the night service due to the relatively cold weather there at night. This is different from the customers in the warmer southern China. (Answers.com) The McDonalds success story in China is quite evident as they opened their first 1000th McDonalds restaurant faster than any other country outside the US and is the main focus for investment in the regionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ They go one further to mention that they plan to have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦2000 outlets in China by 2013. Clearly this is quite an achievement in country that is diverse and rich on different culture. QUESTION FIVE Discuss the challenges that McDonalds faced when entering the Chinese market and to expand its operations. You need to use the Geert Hofstedes model to compare China and the U.S. and then highlight cultural challenges that the U.S. managers must be aware of in managing McDonalds operations in China) McDonalds difficulties and challenges in China McDonalds is considered as the most successful and largest restaurant chain in the world. In 1990 McDonalds opened its first store in Shenzhen China. In 1992, McDonalds Beijing outlet was opened. There are more than 800 McDonalds outlets in China today. (answers.com, 2011) In so far as the legal aspect was concerned, there were no franchise laws that existed in China. This posed a problem about how franchises should exist or operate. Chinese people were loyal to Chinese cuisine and felt that the fast food chains did not offer much variety to suit their palate. The Chinese preferred the traditional culture of food and drink complete with colour, fragrance, flavour, and variety. To make matters worse, they also faced intense competition by its biggest rival Yum Brands i.e. KFC. Not only did McDonalds have the difficult task of adapting their business to the Chinese culture and way of life; they also had to fend off their competitors. This meant finding other ways to compete against them and attract customers by changing their product range, style and advertising. Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions: China and The United States: One of the most popular works in the study of culture is that of Geert Hofstedes (1984). Through his research and surveys he theorized that cultural and sociological differences between nations can be categorized and quantified, thereby allowing comparison of national cultures to take place. Hofstedes identified four cultural dimensions. These are: 1. Power Distance The dimension of power distance is about the extent to which power structures are hierarchical and reflect significant inequalities in power. Countries with large power distances exhibit wide inequalities in power, power that is often concentrated in relatively few hands in heavily centralized and hierarchical organizations. Individuals within such cultures view themselves as inherently unequal: subordinates are dependent on those higher up the hierarchy and accept the power of their superiors by virtue of their position in the hierarchy. All participants in the hierarchy expect their position within it to be clearly demarcated. China is considered as a large power distance country. In small power distance countries, individuals are more inclined to regard themselves as equals: rather than expecting to be told what to do, subordinates expect to be consulted and will argue a case with those higher up the organization. Respect for individuals within the organization comes from their proven capacity to perform a role rather than from the possession of a particular job title or their place in an organization. Shorter small power distances coincide with flatter organization structures. The United States is considered a country with small power distance. 2. Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance measures the lack of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. This manifests itself in high levels of anxiety and emotion. This in turn translates into a preference for highly structured formal rules and limited tolerance for groups and individuals demonstrating deviant ideas or behaviours. 3. Individualism vs. Collectivism The individualist-collectivist dimension measures the degree to which the interests of individuals or of the group take priority. The social framework in an individualistic society is looser than that of a more collectivist society and individuals take responsibility for themselves and their immediate as opposed to extended families. Individualist societies demonstrate a greater regard for individual rights and freedoms and tend to be characterized by assertiveness and competitiveness rather than by teamwork and cooperation. China is considered a country that is collectivist. In China, it is the group (which could be the extended family, the employer or the society as a whole) that looks after the interest of individuals and gives them their sense of identity. In return from this protection, individuals offer the group loyalty and work towards the attainment of goals determined by and for the good of the group, organization or society. The United States on the other hand is a highly individualistic society. 4. Masculinity Femininity Societies that place a high premium on assertiveness, achievement and the acquisition of material possessions are exhibiting aggressive or masculine goal behaviour. Masculine environments also favour conflict and competition in the workplace. Cultures that place a high value on social relationships, quality of life and sensitivity demonstrate passive or feminine goal behaviour. Cultures and workplaces scoring high on the femininity dimension exhibit high degrees of cooperation, negotiation and compromise. The United States can be considered as a masculine culture while China is leaning toward femininity. QUESTION SIX Where do you think the best opportunities for future growth lie for McDonalds? Why? Relations between the U.S. and China could be entering the realm of interesting times, but McDonalds seems undaunted. The fast-food giant recently announced plans to nearly double the number of Golden Arches locations in that highly coveted market. It comes as no surprise that American companies yearn for heated expansion in this populous nation. China has more than 1.3 billion people; one in five people on the planet live in China. Thats a lot of people who might want fries with that. Meanwhile, informal dining out in China is currently a $300 billion opportunity, and its expected to increase by 10% this year as the middle class in that country grows. An aggressive growth target for Chinese restaurants certainly looks like a good idea, given McDonalds 2010 plans to grow global revenue by 3% to 5%, and profit by 7% to 9%. In fact, China is the companys fastest-growing market in sales and income. As it stands now, China has 1,100 Mickey Ds. By the end of 2013, McDonalds plans to have planted 2,000 in the nation. China already represents 23% of revenue from the fast food giants Asia Pacific/Middle East/Africa segment. Lets look at McDonalds comparable-store sales by geographic region for the last several years (in constant currencies): MCD annual comparable-store sales 2009 2008 2007 Asia Pacific/Middle East/Africa 3.4% 9% 10.6% U.S. 2.6% 4% 4.5% Europe 5.2% 8.5% 7.6% *From company press releases and SEC filings. As you can see, in 2009 comps slowed down across the board, although admittedly, McDonalds faced tough comparisons in years past. Investors understandably get excited about U.S. companies that eye Chinese growth; one of the significant factors for the investment thesis for Yum Brands have been its presence in China, and its continued aggressive expansion. Last year alone, it opened more than 500 new restaurants there. Yum has more than 2,870 KFC outlets in China, and more than 450 Pizza Huts. You can see why McDonalds would be salivating to compete for some of that action. Of course, expanding into China is not without pitfalls. Although Starbucks is still waxing enthusiastic about its Chinese locations, its faced plenty of frustrating moments, including its 2007 retreat from the Forbidden City. Many U.S. companies have also had to navigate difficulties with the Chinese government and its policies, including Yahoo! and more recently Google. (www.fool.com, 2011) India may overtake China as the worlds fastest growing major economy by 2015, as the South Asian nation doubles infrastructure investment and adds six-fold more workers than its northern neighbour, Morgan Stanley said. Indias growth may accelerate to 9.5 percent between 2011 and 2015, Morgan Stanley economist Chetan Ahya said in an interview from Singapore today. Indias gross domestic product has expanded at an average 7.1 percent over the decade through the third quarter of 2009, compared with 9.1 percent in China, which surpassed Japan as the second-largest economy last quarter. (Bloomberg.com, 2011) India will surpass China, Japan and many other European countries in the current economic climate with their economic growth rate. It has one of the largest populations in the world. According to a survey by Bloomberg, the govt will invest millions of dollars to develop the countrys poor infrastructure. The creation of jobs in the manufacturing industry means that there will be an increase in consumer expenditure in the long term. McDonalds has great potential in reaching many more consumers in India because an injection of capital into the economy.

Astronomy Essay -- essays research papers

Astronomy Astronomy is not just about the stars. Astronomy is about the constellations, the nine planets, the sun and the moons. The solar system is very complex and has many extraordinary objects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are four different types of stars: Protostars, Bright Stars, Red Giants, and White Dwarfs. Protostars are stars that are on the verge of being born. They are glowing clouds of dust and gas. Gravity pulls on every atom moving them towards the center of the cloud of dust, which causes the Protostar to collapse. Over a period of twenty million years the star begins to form and 10 million years after the pocket of gas was formed, a star is born. The second types of stars are called Bright Stars. They are formed when the new star has completed about 35 million years of its life cycle. A star’s life cycle is a lot like a human’s life cycle, except a star’s years are in millions. When a star is about 10 million years old it is in the same stage on average as a regular human that is about twenty years old. The birth and death rate of stars is called Stellar Evolution. A Bright Star is made when nuclear fusion doubles the size of the star. The third types of stars are called Red Giants. They are made because the outward flow of the star’s core energy stops. Gravity then steps in and squeezes the star to make it decrease in size. The core of the star’s heat increases and it starts releasing small amounts of energy, the energy holds a large amount of hydrogen gas. The star then begins to grow larger, but it does not get brighter. As a result of the sudden and fast temperature drop, the star’s color changes from blue-white to a red color. Most Red Giant stars have been found in groups called Globular Clusters. Globular Clusters are groups of up to one million stars that move through space. The fourth type of stars are called White Dwarfs. When a White Dwarf is made the star begins cooling off. As a result of cooling, the outer gas layer spreads out. The star’s temperature drops and makes the gas layer spread out even more. Eventually, the outer layer spreads out so far that the gas layer separates from the star. Then, a Planetary Nebula (cloud of glowing atoms), moves in all directions. The star’s core isn’t giving out any more energy and is to the point of collapsing slowly. All of the matter that the star had in the beginning is still there, but it ... ...on. Orion was an ancient Greek hunter and warrior. The constellation Orion shows him caring a club shield, and a sword dangling from his belt. Orion has more Bright Stars the any other constellations. The two brightest stars in it are Betelgeuse and Rigel. Betelgeuse is Orion’s shoulder and Rigel is his foot. Cassiopeia is another well-known constellation. "Cassiopeia is a group of stars, the brightest which form a large W in the northern sky." (Miller, 10). Cassiopeia is found next to the Big Dipper and Orion. Its shape is an exact M or W, formed with the five bright stars. "The mythic Cassiopeia was an Ethiopian Queen." (Miller 10). Constellations are probably the most interesting thing in the solar system. Most people look at them as an exciting look at the mythological part of our solar system, and others think that they are just another interesting part of the night sky.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Universe is something no one can explain. Our Galaxy is one of the countless galaxies dotted throughout the Universe, like islands in a big ocean. Many objects in the Solar System have yet to be discovered and may never be, but it will always be there and may never change for generations to come.

Osteoporosis

Abstract:As the world's population lives longer, the significance of osteoporosis and fractures increases.Introduction:Osteoporosis is an age-associated disease, which is influenced by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Age is a high hazard factor for osteoporosis. Lack of vitamin D and insufficiency of calcium absorption are the most popular reason for the osteoporosis in the elderly. (Jakob et al, 2014)Jakob, F., Seefried, L., ; Schwab, M. (2014). Alter und Osteoporose. Der Internist, 55(7), 755-761.?Jakob F, e. (2018). [Age and osteoporosis. Effects of aging on osteoporosis, the diagnostics and therapy]. – PubMed – NCBI. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24903137 [Accessed 16 May 2018].It is mostly a disease of old age people. The prevalence of osteoporosis increase significantly with age and it is an independent risk factor for the improvement of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. As indicated by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data the diffusion of osteoporosis based on reduce density of hip bone was estimated at 4% in women 50 to 59 years of age compared to 44% in women 80 years of age and older. The number of seniors in risk for osteoporosis will continue increasing with the aging of society. (Vondracek et al , 2009).Vondracek, S. F., ; Linnebur, S. A. (2009). Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in the older senior. Clinical interventions in aging, 4, 121.? I choose this topic because when I was in clinical area I saw many old patient they came to do x-ray and when I read the justification I saw they have osteoporosis. So I want to know how the x-ray help to diagnosis this disease. In this assignment I will talk about first the principles of the osteoporosis, the equipment components required for carrying out the osteoporosis examination and their functions. Also, I will discuss the role of radiographer and technical and radiation exposure considerations of it. Finally, I will talk about one clinical example for osteoporosis patient with clear images.Principle:Osteoporosis was described as a pathological in which there is non-attendance of bone tissue, however that tissue which remains is completely calcified. Osteoporosis creates when bone resorption happens too rapidly and substitution happens too gradually. (Makhdoom, et al,2014) The older senior is at high risk for osteoporosis. It is important for healthcare providers to be fully aware of the potential risks and benefits of diagnosing and treating osteoporosis in the older senior population. Data indicate that bone mineral density testing is under-utilized and drug therapy is often not initiated when indicated in this population. Bone mineral density testing with central dual energy x-ray absorptiometry is essential and cost-effective in this population. All elder people should be instructed on a bone-healthy lifestyle containing age-appropriate weight-bearing exercise and smoking cessation if necessary. The very important role in the risk for osteoporotic fractures, especially in the older senior is a falls play. The risk for vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency is high in the older senior and can contribute to falls and fractures. To treat this problem they should intake sufficient amount of calcium and vitamin D. (Vondracek et al,2009) Vondracek, S. F., ; Linnebur, S. A. (2009). Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in the older senior. Clinical interventions in aging, 4, 121.?DEXA procedure detects the osteoporosis disease and this early diagnosis will improve the disease management practices and would help in impeding national productivity losses by mass screening and awareness. Also, it can help prevent osteoporosis. (Makhdoom, et al,2014) Makhdoom, A., Rahopoto, M., Siddiqui, K. A., ; Qureshi, G. A. (2014). Early Detection of Osteoporosis by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 30(6), 1265.? Equipment component and function:The technique used to measure the mineral bone density and the average concentration of mineral in a defined section of bone is the Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). It performed with a low radiation dose and accurate (exact measurement of BMD), precise and flexible (different regions can be scanned). A DEXA scanner consists of a low-dose x-ray tube with two energies for separating mineral and soft-tissue components and a high-resolution multidetector array. It has one of two different system a fan-beam device that emits alternating high (140 kVp) and low (70–100 kVp) x-rays and sweeps across a scan area or a constant x-ray beam with a rare-earth filter and energy-specific absorption, which separates photons of higher (70 keV) and lower (40 keV) energy.( Lorente-Ramos et al,2011).Lorente-Ramos, R., Azpeitia-Armà ¡n, J., Muà ±oz-Hernà ¡ndez, A., Garcà ­a-Gà ³mez, J. M., Dà ­ez-Martà ­nez, P., ; Grande-Bà ¡rez, M. (2011), Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the diagnosis of osteoporosis: a practical guide. American Journal of Roentgenology, 196(4), pp 897-904.Role of radiographer with osteoporosis patients:Understanding every step of the procedure is important for maximizing the usefulness of the imaging evaluation to patients and referring clinicians in this procedure the radiographer play a great role in preparing the patient and taking care of the patient before, during and after examination. Before the examination, the radiographer must be Check patient history, old x-ray, Select the optimum exposure factors, Prepare the room for examination and Prepare the patient for the examination. During examinationThe radiographer must be Explain the procedure to patient and relative ,Reassure and care for patient during examination, Position the patient, Place radiation protection and Constantly assess the patient's condition and then Expose. After examination they should be Move the tube away from patient, lower x-ray table down and finally given instructions to patient.Radiation exposure in X-ray-based imaging techniques used in osteoporosis:In old patients, central DEXA measurements of the lumbar spine and proximal femur are recommended. Two regions should be measured so that if one is unavailable, the forearm can be imaged. Appropriate patient positioning is essential for optimizing BMD measurement. The patients are placed in the supine position for poster anterior imaging of the lumbar spine and femoral neck and sitting next to the table for imaging of the forearm. Images are assessed for patient movement. The area of interest exceeding 1–2 cm and superior and inferior limits should be included to verify that the complete anatomic region is scanned. The bone axis should be straight and centered and the lesser trochanter should not be seen on images of the proximal femur. Equipment from various manufacturers generates automatic ROIs, which should be reviewed. Correct numbering of vertebral bodies is the main goal in DEXA of the lumbar spine. The indicators of correct positioning are as follows: the ribs appear at T12, the largest transverse processes are L3, the vertebral area values increase from L1 to L4, BMD increases from L1 to L3, and the BMD of L4 is similar to or slightly less than that of L3. Sometimes radiographs are necessary for correlation. Altered vertebrae (deformed or with lesions or artifacts in them) should be excluded from the analysis. If only one vertebral body is left, the region is not useful for diagnosis. In hip scanning, it is important to avoid undesired bone. The anatomic landmark selected for femoral neck ROI placement is the greater trochanteric notch.( Lorente-Ramos et al,2011) Case study:A 70 years old patient was admitted to Khawla hospital due to presence of lower back pain and restricted waist movement. A lumbar x-ray was done to the patient and showed sever narrowing of the disc space between L3 and L4 with no fractures over the lumbar bodies. For further investigation, a bone densitometry test was done that showed the presence of severe presence of osteoporosis with increased risk of fracture. Thus, discectomy was done for the herniated portion of the disk between L3 and L4 that compresses the nerves and causes the pain and instrumented fusion of L3 and L4 was also done to stabilize and strengtnus the spine after the intervertebral joint space reduction that occurred between L3 and L4. Finally, the patient was prescribed with vitamin D and calcium tablets to compensate the calcium and vitamin D reduction due to the osteoporosis.(khawla hospital,2018) .(khawla hospital,2018) Conclusion: Over all, Osteoporosis is a systemic disorder of the skeleton that is characterized by a reduction in bone mass. Although the condition affects a higher percentage of old people. The importance of osteoporosis lies in the fact that osteoporotic bones are more fragile and susceptible to fracture than normal bones. DEXA is a quick, accurate, low-cost imaging method for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. It comprises adequate performance (symmetry, morphology, positioning), ROI placement, detection of artifacts, pathologic evaluation (incidental findings and those affecting analysis), and evaluation of bone mineral density.

Jeffersonian Democracy essays

Jeffersonian Democracy essays In 1800, Thomas Jefferson was elected the chief executive of the new free world. With his foot in the door of America, he could now open it to his world of his political mindedness. He did open the door; however he did not like what was on the other side of that door. For this reason, he changed the way the government, as a whole, acted and thought. His actions and political philosophy resonated through his successors. By making the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson made a lasting impression on future presidents; even leading to the development of a foreign policy. When, in 1803, Jefferson sent Robert Livingston and James Monroe to Paris to negotiate with Napoleon for the purchase New Orleans, Jefferson knew not that he was about to double his country. Even though he morally opposed this transaction, he still allowed it to happen to keep the close and sound ties with Europe intact. The fact that it was an excellent deal helped much in his decision. Once the transaction was completed, Jefferson was liked much more. This expansion of the country allowed for the expansion of the populus. This expansion created problems for the presidents immediately after Jefferson. His political philosophy concerning international affairs laid untouched until two presidencies later James Monroe. James Monroe took the foreign policies of Jefferson and used them to form his own ideas about said affairs, thus conceiving what would later be known as the Monroe Doctrine. James Monroe took the idea of Jeffersons sovereign, neutral, and powerful country and reinforced it with his policy stating that America would be all those things and also warned against attacks or new territorial claims on the Western Hemisphere by any other nation. In this document, he stated, also, that the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers; would be recognized and would not interfere wit...

Free Essays on Christmas

Imagine walking through an average family’s Christmas celebration one might see, opening of presents around the Christmas tree, family dinner, engaging in friendly conversation. Some of the things you might smell fresh pine from the pine tree, the smell of peppermint from the candy canes dangling from the tree. In my family we tend to do everything a little different. While other families are having the traditional Christmas, my family has a tradition of its own to follow. The smell of freshly cooked pancakes, bacon and eggs and freshly squeezed orange juice tickles your nose hairs to wake up any that dares to sleep late on Christmas Eve. The breakfast table is set for a king. Plates full of pancakes, French toast, bacon, ham, eggs, coffee, tea, orange juice. With every bite just as savory as the last one might wish for this meal to never end. With every tasteful bite you can feel the juices running down the side of your mouth. Even though you’re full from the food you want to complete the meal. After the breakfast buffet is over the children with their filled little bellies sit around the television and watch cartoons. As the children are watching the morning cartoons my parents begin to set up the Christmas Eve present opening. Every Christmas each family member is able to open one gift. The gifts are usually not big gifts. These gifts are brought just for the purpose of being opened on Christmas Eve. After all of the gifts are opened my mother walks around with a big black plastic bag to collect all the wrapping paper. When the cleaning is finished believe it or not it is time for lunch. You would think after a big breakfast like that who would have room for another meal. Every meal is important from breakfast to dinner. So at lunch we have a family based discussion, generally the conversation ranges from school to life. Those that are young and old participate. Around this time is when the extended fam... Free Essays on Christmas Free Essays on Christmas Christmas Time Everyone has their favorite place in this world. My favorite place is my grandparents’ house at Christmas time. This is a time where my entire family is together and we all spend quality time together. All of my aunts, uncles, and cousins are all together at one time. This is the only time all year when we are all together. My grandma is constantly cooking while all my aunts are running around trying to get everything else together. My grandpa, uncles, and cousins all make and set up luminarias around the neighborhood. These are reasons why my grandparents’ house at Christmas time is my favorite place. When you walk into my grandparents’ house during Christmas, you will immediately be engulfed by a beautiful smell of food. My grandma in my opinion is one of the best cooks. Every Christmas we have tamales, beans, rice, and chili. She prepares for Christmas Eve about a week in advance. She buys all of the supplies she needs to make all of the wonderful food that she makes. The first things that she will make are biscochitos. My grandma always makes about fifteen dozen of these cookies. Then she will prepare the meat for the tamales, and the chili. Then on Christmas Eve morning she will start the huge pot of chili. She lets it cook all day until we return from mass in the evening. While my grandma is cooking my aunts and my mom are busy cleaning and making sure everyone is ready for the night. The men and all the kids are outside setting up luminarias. I cannot remember a Christmas without luminarias. I know that this is a tradition that my family has had for many years. My grandpa buys enough bags and candles to light up the entire city it seems like. It has always been something that I look forward to each Christmas. My cousins and I start folding bags in the morning. Then around one in the afternoon we all head outside to start filling the bags with dirt and candles. We all go o... Free Essays on Christmas Imagine walking through an average family’s Christmas celebration one might see, opening of presents around the Christmas tree, family dinner, engaging in friendly conversation. Some of the things you might smell fresh pine from the pine tree, the smell of peppermint from the candy canes dangling from the tree. In my family we tend to do everything a little different. While other families are having the traditional Christmas, my family has a tradition of its own to follow. The smell of freshly cooked pancakes, bacon and eggs and freshly squeezed orange juice tickles your nose hairs to wake up any that dares to sleep late on Christmas Eve. The breakfast table is set for a king. Plates full of pancakes, French toast, bacon, ham, eggs, coffee, tea, orange juice. With every bite just as savory as the last one might wish for this meal to never end. With every tasteful bite you can feel the juices running down the side of your mouth. Even though you’re full from the food you want to complete the meal. After the breakfast buffet is over the children with their filled little bellies sit around the television and watch cartoons. As the children are watching the morning cartoons my parents begin to set up the Christmas Eve present opening. Every Christmas each family member is able to open one gift. The gifts are usually not big gifts. These gifts are brought just for the purpose of being opened on Christmas Eve. After all of the gifts are opened my mother walks around with a big black plastic bag to collect all the wrapping paper. When the cleaning is finished believe it or not it is time for lunch. You would think after a big breakfast like that who would have room for another meal. Every meal is important from breakfast to dinner. So at lunch we have a family based discussion, generally the conversation ranges from school to life. Those that are young and old participate. Around this time is when the extended fam...

Case Study of a Philosophical Argument About How Science

Of a Philosophical Argument About How Science - Case Study Example His belief was that empiricism had no place for causality and that human beings learn through associations with each other and arguments they have with friends. This gave rise to the issue of induction in philosophy. On the other hand, Tomas Kuhn was of the idea that knowledge comes through the revolution of science. He proposes that the origin of knowledge is through observations and drawing practical conclusions, which can be tested scientifically. Other scholars carry out empirical tests on facts proposed by one scholar. They develop new models to provide plausible explanations for the old and new observations. This explanation is consistent with Bacon’s proposal on the inductive process of arriving at knowledge. The view on scientific method by Bacon has been in use in the contemporary world of ideas and science, where concepts are continually tested, and put in the swing of things.

What makes people like to stay on their jobs Essay

What makes people like to stay on their jobs - Essay Example Based on developed level of satisfaction and happiness, employees determine whether to continue working for an organization or not. The factors also determine the employees’ productivity level, should they choose to remain in an organization. It is therefore important to investigate conditions that determine employees’ happiness and satisfaction to stay in jobs and reasons why employees may not like their jobs. Non-monetary factors Non-monetary factors are essential determinants of employees’ utility in a workplace. As a result, they are able to make an employee happy or not. An employee will for instance be happy if considered non-monetary factors meet his or her expectations. A match between job descriptions and an employee’s traits or abilities is one of the non-monetary factors that determine a person’s happiness in a job. This is because of the different expertise that each type of job requires and the involved strain in performing a job, shoul d an employee lack the required skills or traits. Matching employees with jobs that require their skills, level of experience and traits therefore eliminates strain in work, improves utility, and induce happiness. Employees in such working conditions like their jobs and would prefer to remain in the jobs and work effectively towards productivity. Mismatching employees’ ability with job requirements however identifies strains and incompetence in work that may discourage employees and lead to job dislike (Gaurav 9). Appreciating and recognizing employees are other non-monetary factors that influence employees’ happiness (Gaurav 9). This is because of the associated self worth that leads to self-confidence and internal motivation among employees. Examples of appreciation include congratulating an employee for an achievement such as meeting set objectives or doing an outstanding work. Recognition is, however, achieved by identifying an employee’s performance or char acteristics before peers. An appreciated or recognized employee therefore develops a self worth into satisfaction and happiness while lack of appreciation and recognition demoralizes employees who may consequently develop negative attitude towards their jobs. Presence of stress in a work environment is another non-monetary factor that determines employees’ happiness and developed attitudes towards a job. Stress primarily reduces people’s level of happiness and utility. Stressed employees will therefore be unhappy and would not like their jobs while employees who work in a stress free environment are likely to be happy and like their jobs (Gaurav 9). Monetary factors Monetary factors define direct financial advancements to employees. Remunerations, rewards, and appraisal-based advancements are examples. Even though not regarded as principal determinant to employees’ satisfaction in a job, money is instrumental. Employees will for example be comfortable when their basic remunerations match their competence and their level of input to an organization. A relatively low remuneration level would therefore not satisfy an employee and would lead to unhappiness. An underpaid employee will also most likely not appreciate the job and would be ready to leave for an opportunity that can match competence with pay. An organization’s reward system is another monetary factor to employees’ satisfaction and happiness that is directly associated with non-monetary aspects of appreciation and recognition. A performance-based reward for example indicates an organization’s appreciation of an employees’ performance and initiates the employees’ satisfaction in the work. Rewarded employees will therefore be happy and satisfied in their work. Similarly, those who have